"TheHondaBro" (wwaveform)
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"TheHondaBro" (wwaveform)
03/29/2017 at 02:15 • Filed to: None | 1
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Jimmy Wales
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jimmy Wales
BornJimmy Donal Wales
August 7, 1966 (age 50)
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, U.S.Residence
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,
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, UK
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Other namesJimbo (online moniker)
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EducationOccupation
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formerly
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Net worth
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1 million as of 2014
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TitleSuccessor
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(as Chair of Wikimedia Foundation)Board member ofSpouse(s)Children3 daughtersAwards
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Website
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Signature
External video
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,
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, 2005
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, 2005
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, 2015
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Indiana University, Bloomington
President of !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! (2004–present)
Chair of !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! (2003–2006)
Chair emeritus of !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! (2006–present)
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Pamela Green (1986–1993)
Christine Rohan (1997–1998)
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Recorded August 2014
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Jimmy Donal “ Jimbo ” Wales ( !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! ; born August 7, 1966) is an American !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! He is the co-founder and promoter of the online non-profit !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! , and the for-profit !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! web hosting company. !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!!
Wales was born in !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! , where he attended !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! , a university-preparatory school. !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! Later, he earned bachelor’s and master’s degrees in !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! from !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! and the !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! , respectively. !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!!
While in graduate school, Wales taught at two universities; however, he departed before completing a !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! to take a job in finance, and later worked as the Research Director of a Chicago, Illinois, !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! and !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! firm. In 1996, he and two partners founded !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! , an adult web portal featuring entertainment and adult content. The company would provide the initial funding for the peer-reviewed free encyclopedia, !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! (2000–03), and its successor, Wikipedia.
On January 15, 2001, with !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! and others, Wales launched Wikipedia—a free, !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! encyclopedia that enjoyed rapid growth and popularity; as Wikipedia’s public profile grew, he became the project’s promoter and spokesman. He is historically cited as a co-founder of Wikipedia, though he has disputed the “co-” designation, declaring himself the sole founder. !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!!
Wales serves on the !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! Board of Trustees, the non-profit charitable organization that he helped establish to operate Wikipedia, holding its board-appointed “community founder” seat. In 2004, he co-founded !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! , a for-profit !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . His role in creating Wikipedia, which has become the world’s largest encyclopedia, prompted !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! Magazine to name him in their 2006 !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! of “The 100 Most Influential People in the World”. !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!!
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Contents
2Career 2.1Chicago Options Associates and Bomis 2.2Nupedia and the origins of Wikipedia 2.3Wikipedia 2.3.1Controversy regarding Wales’s status as co-founder 2.3.2Role 2.4Wikimedia Foundation 2.4.1Controversies 2.5Wikia and later pursuits
3Political and economic views 3.1Personal philosophy 3.2Philosophy in practice 3.3Development and management of Wikipedia 3.4Testimony before Senate Homeland Security Committee 3.5European Court of Justice Google ruling 3.6Other issues
Early life
Wales was born in !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! , shortly before midnight on August 7, 1966; however, his birth certificate lists his date of birth as the 8th. !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! His father, Jimmy, !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! worked as a grocery store manager, while his mother, Doris Ann (née Dudley), and his grandmother, Erma, ran the House of Learning, !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! a small private school in the tradition of the !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! , where Wales and his three siblings received their early education. !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!!
As a child, Wales was a keen reader with an acute intellectual curiosity. !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! When he was three, his mother bought a !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! from a door-to-door salesman. As he grew up and learned to read, it became an object of reverence. It put at his fingertips an abundant supply of knowledge complete with maps, illustrations, and a few cellophane layers of transparencies one could lift to explore such things as the muscles, arteries, and digestive system of a dissected frog. But Wales soon discovered that the World Book had shortcomings: no matter how much was in it, there were many more things that were not. World Book sent out stickers for owners to paste on the pages in order to update the encyclopedia, and Wales was careful to put the stickers to work, stating, “I joke that I started as a kid revising the encyclopedia by stickering the one my mother bought.” !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!!
During an interview in 2005 with !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! , Wales described his childhood private school as a “ !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! influenced philosophy of education”, where he “spent lots of hours poring over the Britannicas and World Book Encyclopedias ”. !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! There were only four other children in Wales’s !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! , so the school grouped together the first through fourth-grade students and the fifth through eighth-grade students. As an adult, Wales was sharply critical of the government’s treatment of the school, citing the “constant interference and bureaucracy and very sort of snobby inspectors from the state” as a formative influence on his political philosophy. !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!!
After eighth grade, Wales attended !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! , !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! a university-preparatory school in Huntsville, graduating at sixteen. !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! Wales said that the school was expensive for his family, but that “education was always a passion in my household ... you know, the very traditional approach to knowledge and learning and establishing that as a base for a good life.” !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! He received his bachelor’s degree in finance from !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! in 1986. !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! He began his Auburn education when he was 16 years old. !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! Wales then entered the PhD finance program at the !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! before leaving with a master’s degree to enter the PhD finance program at !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! At the University of Alabama, he played Internet fantasy games and developed his interest in the web. !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! He taught at both universities during his postgraduate studies but did not write the doctoral dissertation required for a PhD, something he ascribed to boredom. !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!!
Career
Chicago Options Associates and Bomis
The staff of Wales’s Internet company !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! photographed in summer 2000. Wales is third from the left in the back row, with his then-wife Christine.
In 1994, Wales took a job with !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! , a !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! and !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! trading firm in !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! , !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! Wales has described himself as having been addicted to the Internet from an early stage and he wrote computer code during his leisure time. During his studies in Alabama, he had become an obsessive player of !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! (MUDs)—a type of virtual !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! —and thereby experienced the potential of computer networks to foster large-scale collaborative projects. !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!!
Inspired by the remarkably successful !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! of !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! in 1995, and having accumulated capital through “speculating on interest-rate and foreign-currency fluctuations”, !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! Wales decided to leave the realm of financial trading and became an Internet entrepreneur. !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! In 1996, he and two partners founded !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! , !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! a web portal featuring !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! and, for a time, erotic photographs. !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! Wales described it as a “guy-oriented search engine” with a market similar to that of !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! magazine; !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! the Bomis venture did not ultimately turn out to be successful. !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!!
Nupedia and the origins of Wikipedia
Main article: !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!!
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Though Bomis had struggled to make money, it provided Wales with the funding to pursue his greater passion, an online encyclopedia. !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! While moderating an online discussion group devoted to the philosophy of !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! in the early 1990s, Wales had encountered !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! , a skeptic of the philosophy. !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! The two had engaged in detailed debate on the subject on Wales’s list and then on Sanger’s, eventually meeting offline to continue the debate and becoming friends. !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! Years later, after deciding to pursue his encyclopedia project and seeking a credentialed academic to lead it, !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! Wales hired Sanger—who at that time was a doctoral student in philosophy at !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! —to be its !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! , and in March 2000, Nupedia (“the free encyclopedia”), a !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! , !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! encyclopedia, was launched. !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! The intent behind Nupedia was to have expert-written entries on a variety of topics, and to sell advertising alongside the entries in order to make profit. !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! The project was characterized by an extensive peer-review process designed to make its articles of a quality comparable to that of professional encyclopedias. !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!!
The idea was to have thousands of volunteers writing articles for an online encyclopedia in all languages. Initially we found ourselves organizing the work in a very top-down, structured, academic, old-fashioned way. It was no fun for the volunteer writers because we had a lot of academic peer review committees who would criticize articles and give feedback. It was like handing in an essay at grad school, and basically intimidating to participate in.
—Jimmy Wales on the Nupedia project !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! , January 31, 2007 !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!!
In an October 2009 speech, Wales recollected attempting to write a Nupedia article on Nobel Prize-winning economist !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! , but being too intimidated to submit his first draft to the prestigious finance professors who were to peer review it, even though he had published a paper on !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! and was comfortable with the subject matter. Wales characterized this as the moment he realized that the Nupedia model was not going to work. !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!!
In January 2001, Sanger was introduced to the concept of a !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! by !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! enthusiast !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! after explaining to Kovitz the slow pace of growth Nupedia endured as a result of its onerous submission process. !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! Kovitz suggested that adopting the wiki model would allow editors to contribute simultaneously and incrementally throughout the project, thus breaking Nupedia’s bottleneck. !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! Sanger was excited about the idea, and after he proposed it to Wales, they created the first Nupedia wiki on January 10, 2001. !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! The wiki was initially intended as a collaborative project for the public to write articles that would then be reviewed for publication by Nupedia’s expert volunteers. The majority of Nupedia’s experts, however, wanted nothing to do with this project, fearing that mixing amateur content with professionally researched and edited material would compromise the integrity of Nupedia’s information and damage the credibility of the encyclopedia. !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! Thus, the wiki project, dubbed “Wikipedia” by Sanger, !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! went live at a separate !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! five days after its creation. !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!!
Wikipedia
Main article: !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!!
Originally, Bomis planned to make Wikipedia a profitable business. !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! Sanger initially saw Wikipedia primarily as a tool to aid Nupedia development. Wales feared that, at worst, it might produce “complete rubbish”. !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! To the surprise of Sanger and Wales, within a few days of launching, the number of articles on Wikipedia had outgrown that of Nupedia, and a small collective of editors had formed. !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! It was Jimmy Wales, along with other people, who came up with the broader idea of an open-source, collaborative encyclopedia that would accept contributions from ordinary people. !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! Initially, neither Sanger nor Wales knew what to expect from the Wikipedia initiative. !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! Many of the early contributors to the site were familiar with the model of the !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! , and, like Wales, many of them sympathized with the !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! Wales has said that he was initially so worried about the concept of open editing, where anyone can edit the encyclopedia, that he would awaken during the night and monitor what was being added. !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! Nonetheless, the cadre of early editors helped create a robust, self-regulating community that has proven conducive to the growth of the project. !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! In a talk at !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! in 2016, he recalled that he wrote the first words on Wikipedia: “ !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! ”, a phrase computer programmers often use to test new software. !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!!
Sanger developed Wikipedia in its early phase and guided the project. !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! The broader idea he originally ascribes to other people, remarking in a 2005 memoir for !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! that “the idea of an open source, collaborative encyclopedia, open to contribution by ordinary people, was entirely Jimmy’s, not mine, and the funding was entirely by Bomis. Of course, other people had had the idea”, adding, “the actual development of this encyclopedia was the task he gave me to work on.” !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! Sanger worked on and promoted both the Nupedia and Wikipedia projects until Bomis discontinued funding for his position in February 2002; !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! Sanger resigned as editor-in-chief of Nupedia and as “chief organizer” of Wikipedia on March 1 of that year. !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! Early on, Bomis supplied the financial backing for Wikipedia, !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! and entertained the notion of placing advertisements on Wikipedia before costs were reduced with Sanger’s departure and plans for a nonprofit foundation were advanced instead. !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!!
Controversy regarding Wales’s status as co-founder
Further information: !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!!
Wales with journalist !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! at !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! , taken from her program Geek Entertainment TV !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!!
Wales has asserted that he is the sole founder of Wikipedia, !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! and has publicly disputed Sanger’s designation as a co-founder. Sanger and Wales were identified as co-founders at least as early as September 2001 by !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! and as founders in Wikipedia’s first press release in January 2002. !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! In August of that year, Wales identified himself as “co-founder” of Wikipedia. !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! Sanger assembled on his personal webpage an assortment of links that appear to confirm the status of Sanger and Wales as co-founders. !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! For example, Sanger and Wales are historically cited or described in early news citations and press releases as co-founders. !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! Wales was quoted by !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! as calling Sanger’s claim “preposterous” in February 2006, !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! and called “the whole debate silly” in an April 2009 interview. !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!!
In late 2005, Wales edited his own biographical entry on the !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . Writer !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! drew attention to !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! showing that in his edits to the page, Wales had removed references to Sanger as the co-founder of Wikipedia. !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! Sanger commented that “having seen edits like this, it does seem that Jimmy is attempting to rewrite history. But this is a futile process because in our brave new world of transparent activity and maximum communication, the truth will out.” !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! Wales was also observed to have modified references to !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! in a way that was characterized as downplaying the sexual nature of some of his former company’s products. !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! Though Wales argued that his modifications were solely intended to improve the accuracy of the content, !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! he apologized for editing his own biography, a practice generally discouraged on Wikipedia. !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!!
Role
In a 2004 interview with Slashdot , Wales outlined his vision for Wikipedia: “Imagine a world in which every single person on the planet is given free access to the sum of all human knowledge. That’s what we’re doing.” !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! Although his formal designation is board member and chairman emeritus of the Wikimedia Foundation, Wales’s !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! within the Wikipedia community has accorded him a status that has been characterized as !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! , !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! and !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! In two interviews with the Guardian in 2014, Wales elaborated on his role on Wikipedia. In the first interview, he said that while he “has always rejected” the term “benevolent dictator”, he does refer to himself as the “constitutional monarch”. In the second, he elaborated on his “constitutional monarch” designation, saying that, like the Queen of England, he has no real power. !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! He was also the closest the project had to a spokesperson in its early years. !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! The growth and prominence of Wikipedia made Wales an !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! Although he had never traveled outside North America prior to the site’s founding, his participation in the Wikipedia project has seen him flying internationally on a near-constant basis as its public face. !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!!
When Larry Sanger left Wikipedia, Wales’s approach was different from Sanger’s. !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! Wales was fairly hands-off. !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! Despite involvement in other projects, Wales has denied intending to reduce his role within Wikipedia, telling The New York Times in 2008 that “Dialing down is not an option for me ... Not to be too dramatic about it, but, ‘to create and distribute a free encyclopedia of the highest possible quality to every single person on the planet in their own language,’ that’s who I am. That’s what I am doing. That’s my life goal.” !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! In May 2010, the BBC reported that Wales had relinquished many of his technical privileges on !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! (a Wikipedia sister project that hosts much of its multimedia content) after criticism by the project’s volunteer community over what they saw as Wales’s hasty and undemocratic approach to deleting sexually explicit images he believed “appeal solely to prurient interests”. !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!!
Wikimedia Foundation
Wales appearing as a member of the !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! Board of Trustees at !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!!
In mid-2003, Wales set up the !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! (WMF), a non-profit organization founded in !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! and later headquartered in !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! , !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! All intellectual property rights and domain names pertaining to Wikipedia were moved to the new foundation, !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! whose purpose is to establish general policy for the encyclopedia and its sister projects. !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! Wales has been a member of the Wikimedia Foundation’s !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! since it was formed and was its official chairman from 2003 through 2006. !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! Since 2006 he has been accorded the honorary title of chairman !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! and holds the board-appointed “ !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! ” that was installed in 2008. !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! His work for the foundation, including his appearances to promote it at computer and educational conferences, has always been unpaid. !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! Wales has often joked that donating Wikipedia to the foundation was both the “dumbest and the smartest” thing he had done. On one hand, he estimated that Wikipedia was worth US$3 billion; on the other, he weighed his belief that the donation made its success possible. !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!!
Wales gives an annual “State of the Wiki” address, at the !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! conference. !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!!
Controversies
Wales’s association with the foundation has led to controversy. In March 2008, Wales was accused by former Wikimedia Foundation employee Danny Wool of misusing the foundation’s funds for recreational purposes. !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! Wool also stated that Wales had his Wikimedia credit card taken away in part because of his spending habits, a claim Wales denied. !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! Then-chairperson of the foundation !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! and former foundation interim Executive Director Brad Patrick denied any wrongdoing by Wales or the foundation, saying that Wales accounted for every expense and that, for items for which he lacked receipts, he paid out of his own pocket; in private, Devouard upbraided Wales for “constantly trying to rewrite the past”. !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! Later in March 2008, it was claimed by Jeffrey Vernon Merkey that Wales had edited Merkey’s Wikipedia entry to make it more favorable in return for donations to the Wikimedia Foundation, an allegation Wales dismissed as “nonsense”. !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! In early 2016 Wikipedia editors perceived the WMF’s !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! project as a !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! for Wales, whose business Wikia might benefit from having the WMF spend a lot of money on research in respect to search. !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! Wikia attempted to develop a search engine but it was closed in 2009. !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!!
Wikia and later pursuits
In 2004, Wales and then-fellow member of the !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! Board of Trustees Angela Beesley founded the for-profit company !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! Wikia is a !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! —a collection of individual wikis on different subjects, all hosted on the same website. It hosts some of the largest wikis outside Wikipedia, including !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! (devoted to !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! ) and !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! ( !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! ). !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! Another service offered by Wikia was !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! , an open source search engine intended to challenge !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! and introduce transparency and public dialogue about how it is created into the search engine’s operations, !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! but the project was abandoned in March 2009. !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! Wales stepped down as Wikia CEO to be replaced by !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! , a former vice president and general manager at !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! , on June 5, 2006. !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! Penchina declared Wikia to have reached profitability in September 2009. !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! In addition to his role at Wikia, Wales is a public speaker represented by the Harry Walker Agency. !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! He has also participated in a !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! campaign for the Swiss watch maker !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!!
On November 4, 2011, Wales delivered an hour-long address at !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! in the United Kingdom to launch the 2011 Free Thinking Festival on !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! His speech, which was entitled “The Future of the Internet”, was largely devoted to Wikipedia. Twenty days later, on November 24, Wales appeared on the British topical debate television program !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!!
In May 2012, it was reported that Wales was advising the UK government on how to make taxpayer-funded academic research available on the internet at no cost. !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! His role reportedly involved working as “an unpaid advisor on crowdsourcing and opening up policymaking”, and advising the !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! and the UK research councils on distributing research. !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!!
In January 2014, it was announced that Wales had joined !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! as co-chair of the mobile phone network. !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!!
On March 21, 2014, Wales spoke on a panel at a !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! University conference held at !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! , along with !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! , Saudi Arabian women’s rights activist !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! and Harvard University student Shree Bose. !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! The topic of discussion was “the age of participation” and the ability of an increasingly large number of citizens to “express their own opinions, pursue their own educations, and launch their own enterprises.” Wales exhorted young people to use social media to try to bring about societal change, and compared government suppression of the Internet to a human rights violation. !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!!
On May 26, 2014, Google appointed Wales to serve on a seven-member committee on privacy in response to !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! , which led to Google’s being inundated with requests to remove websites from their search results. Wales said he wanted the committee to be viewed as “a blue-ribbon panel” by lawmakers and for the committee to advise the lawmakers as well as Google. !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!!
Political and economic views
Personal philosophy
Wales in June 2008
Jimmy Wales 2014 on !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! Global Conferences , !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!!
Wales is a self-avowed !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! , !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! referring to !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! invented by writer !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! in the mid-20th century that emphasizes !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! , !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! , and !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . Wales first encountered the philosophy through reading Rand’s novel !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! during his undergraduate period !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! and, in 1992, founded an electronic mailing list devoted to “Moderated Discussion of Objectivist Philosophy”. !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! Though he has stated that the philosophy “colours everything I do and think”, !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! he has said, “I think I do a better job—than a lot of people who self-identify as Objectivists—of not pushing my point of view on other people.” !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!!
When asked by !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! about Rand’s influence on him in his appearance on !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! ’s !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! in September 2005, Wales cited !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! and “the virtue of independence” as personally important. When asked if he could trace “the Ayn Rand connection” to a personal political philosophy at the time of the interview, Wales labeled himself a !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! , qualifying his remark by referring to the U.S. !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! as “lunatics”, and citing “freedom, liberty, basically individual rights, that idea of dealing with other people in a manner that is not initiating force against them” as his guiding principles. !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!!
An interview with Wales served as the cover feature of the June 2007 issue of the libertarian magazine !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! In that profile, he described his political views as “ !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! ”. Prior to 2008, Wales attended !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! ’ birthday. !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!!
In a 2011 interview with !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! , he expressed sympathy with the !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! and !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! protesters, saying, “You don’t have to be a !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! to say it’s not right to take money from everybody and give it to a few rich people. That’s not free enterprise.” !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!!
!!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! in !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! has described Wales as a “ !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! sympathizer”. !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! In 2015, he offered to help !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! with the Labour Party’s social media strategy, but Miliband turned him down. !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!!
In 2015, Wales signed up as the committee chair for !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! ’s !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!!
In 2016, Wales and eleven other business leaders signed on to an open letter to American voters urging them not to vote for !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! in !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!!
Philosophy in practice
The January/February 2006 issue of !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! reported that Wales refused to comply with a request from the !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! to censor “politically sensitive” Wikipedia articles—other corporate Internet companies, such as !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! , !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! and !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! , had already yielded to Chinese government pressure. Wales stated that he would rather see companies such as Google adhere to Wikipedia’s policy of freedom of information. !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! In 2010, Wales criticized whistle blower website !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! and its editor-in-chief !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! , saying that their publication of !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! “could be enough to get someone killed”; furthermore, he expressed irritation at their use of the name “ !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! ”: !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! “What they’re doing is not really a wiki. The essence of wiki is a collaborative editing ...”. !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!!
Development and management of Wikipedia
Wales at the tenth anniversary celebration of the Bengali Wikipedia
Wales cites !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! economist !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! ’s essay, “ !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! ”, which he read as an undergraduate, !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! as “central” to his thinking about “how to manage the Wikipedia project”. !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! Hayek argued that !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! —that each individual only knows a small fraction of what is known collectively—and that as a result, decisions are best made by those with local knowledge, rather than by a central authority. !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! Wales reconsidered Hayek’s essay in the 1990s, while reading about the !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! , which advocated for the free distribution of !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . He was particularly moved by “ !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! ”, an essay which was later adapted into a !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! , by one of the founders of the movement, !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! , as it “opened [his] eyes to the possibilities of !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! .” !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!!
From his background in finance, and working as a futures and options trader, Wales developed an interest in !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! and the effect of incentives on human collaborative activity. He identifies this fascination as a significant basis for his developmental work on the Wikipedia project. !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! He has rejected the notion that his role in promoting Wikipedia is !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! , which he defines as “sacrificing your own values for others”, stating that the idea of “participating in a benevolent effort to share information is somehow destroying your own values makes no sense to me”. !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!!
Testimony before Senate Homeland Security Committee
On December 11, 2007, Wales testified before to the United States Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs. !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! He also submitted written testimony to the Senate Committee entitled “E-Government 2.0: Improving Innovation, Collaboration and Access”. !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!!
Senator !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! introduced Wales by stating:
We are very glad to have as a witness Jimmy Wales, the founder of Wikipedia, one of the most thrilling examples of what collaborative technology can produce. We have asked Mr. Wales to take us through some of the ideas behind Wikipedia and then to relate them to our jurisdiction, which is to say to help us understand how similar technologies and collaborative activities can be applied to government for greater information sharing and communication, both within the government, but also between the government and the public.
In fact, quite encouragingly, the intelligence community has already developed and is using a process collaborative technology that they call Intellipedia, which is based directly on the Wikipedia model. So Mr. Wales, if imitation is a form of flattery, you should feel flattered. And the aim of this is to foster collaboration and information across the intelligence community, obviously on a closed site. !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!!
Wales’s testimony is available for viewing on CSPAN. !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!!
European Court of Justice Google ruling
On May 14, 2014, Wales strongly reacted to the !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! (ECJ)‘s ruling on the !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . He stated to the BBC that the ruling was “one of the most wide-sweeping internet censorship rulings that I’ve ever seen”. !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! In early June 2014, the TechCrunch media outlet interviewed Wales on the subject, as he had been invited by Google to join an advisory committee that the corporation had formed as an addition to the formal process that the ECJ requested from Google to manage such requests. !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!!
The May 2014 ECJ ruling required swift action from Google to implement a process that allowed people to directly contact the corporation about the removal of information that they believe is outdated or irrelevant. Google’s !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! revealed that 30 percent of requests received by Google since the ruling was made were categorized as “other”. Wales explained in email responses that he was contacted by Google on May 28, 2014, and “The remit of the committee is to hold public hearings and issue recommendations—not just to Google but to legislators and the public.” !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! When asked about his view on the ECJ’s “right to be forgotten” ruling, Wales replied:
I think the decision will have no impact on people’s right to privacy, because I don’t regard truthful information in court records published by court order in a newspaper to be private information. If anything, the decision is likely to simply muddle the interesting philosophical questions and make it more difficult to make real progress on privacy issues. In the case of truthful, non-defamatory information obtained legally, I think there is no possibility of any defensible “right” to censor what other people are saying. It is important to avoid language like “data” because we aren’t talking about “data”—we are talking about the suppression of knowledge. !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!!
Wales then provided further explanation, drawing a comparison with Wikipedia: “You do not have a right to use the law to prevent Wikipedia editors from writing truthful information, nor do you have a right to use the law to prevent Google from publishing truthful information.” Wales concluded with an indication of his ideal outcome: “A part of the outcome should be the very strong implementation of a right to free speech in Europe—essentially the language of the First Amendment in the U.S.” !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!!
Other issues
In 2012, the !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! of the U.K. was petitioned by Wales in regard to his opposition to the extradition of !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! to the U.S. !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! After an agreement was reached to avoid the extradition, Wales commented, “This is very exciting news, and I’m pleased to hear it ... What needs to happen next is a serious reconsideration of the UK extradition treaty that would allow this sort of nonsense in the first place.” !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!!
In August 2013, Wales criticized U.K. Prime Minister !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! ’s plan for an Internet porn-filter, saying that the idea was “ridiculous.” !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! In November 2013, Wales also commented on the !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! , describing !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! as “a hero” whom history would judge “very favourably”; additionally, Wales said the U.S. public “would have never approved [the] sweeping surveillance program [publicized by Snowden]”, had they been informed or asked about it. !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!!
Personal life
Wales with his second wife, Christine Rohan
Jimmy Wales has been married three times. At the age of twenty, he married Pamela Green, !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! a co-worker at a grocery store in Alabama. !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! They divorced in 1993. !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! He met his second wife, Christine Rohan, through a friend in Chicago while she was working as a steel trader for !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! The couple were married in !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! in March 1997, !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! and had a daughter before separating. !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! Wales moved to !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! in 1998, and after becoming disillusioned with the housing market there, relocated in 2002 to !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!!
Wales had a brief relationship with Canadian conservative columnist !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! in 2008 that began after Marsden contacted Wales about her Wikipedia biography. !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! After accusations that Wales’s relationship constituted a !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! , Wales stated that there had been a relationship but that it was over and said that it had not influenced any matters on Wikipedia, !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! a claim which was disputed by Marsden. !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!!
Wales married !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! in !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! on October 6, 2012. !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! She is !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! former !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! , whom Wales met in !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! , Switzerland. !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! Wales and Garvey have two daughters. !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!!
Wales is an !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . In an interview with !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! , he said his personal philosophy is firmly rooted in !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! and he is a complete non-believer. !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! As of 2012, he lives in London, England. !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!!
Honors, awards and positions
Wales at the !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! Show, 2011
Wales receives an honorary doctorate from !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! , 2015
Jimmy Wales accepting the !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! at the !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! , 2015
Wales is a former co-chair of the World Economic Forum on the Middle East 2008, !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! and a former board member of !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!!
He is a member of the !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! at Harvard Law School, !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! the advisory board of the !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! , !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! and the board of directors at !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! and !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!!
In 2006, Wales was listed in the “Scientists & Thinkers” section of the !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! and number 12 in !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! “The Web Celebs 25". !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!!
Wales has also given a lecture in the Stuart Regen Visionary series at !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! which “honors special individuals who have made major contributions to art and culture, and are actively imagining a better future” !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! and by the !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! as one of the “Young Global Leaders” of 2007. !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!!
The 2008 Global Brand Icon of the Year Award, !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! and on behalf of the Wikimedia project the !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! award of Werkstatt Deutschland for A Mission of Enlightenment . !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!!
The 2009 Nokia Foundation annual award, !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! the Business Process Award at the 7th Annual Innovation Awards and Summit by !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!!
In April 2011, Wales served on the jury of the !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! , !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! Wales has received a !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! , !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! the !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! and the Leonardo European Corporate Learning Award !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! in 2011, !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! the Monaco Media Prize,. !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! Wales has also received honorary degrees from !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! , !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! , !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! , !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! Argentina’s Universidad Empresarial Siglo 21, !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! and Russia’s !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! University. !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!!
On December 5, 2013, Wales was awarded the !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! in !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! , Denmark at a conference on “An Open World” to celebrate the 100th anniversary of !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! ’s atomic theory. His presentation on “Wikipedia, Democracy and the Internet” emphasised the need to expand Wikipedia into virtually all the languages of the world. The “ !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! ” initiative was beginning to prove successful in encouraging telecommunications companies to provide children in the developing world with free access to Wikipedia for educational purposes. !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! Wales was inducted into the !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! in 2013. !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!!
In February 2014, Wales was named one of “25 Web Superstars” by !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! On May 17, 2014, Wales became Doctor Honoris Causa of the Faculty of Communication Sciences of the !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! (USI Lugano, Switzerland). !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! On June 25, 2014, Wales received an Honorary Degree of Doctor of Letters from Nobel laureate !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! at !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! in !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! On July 10, 2014, Wales received the UK !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! “Special Award” for establishing Wikipedia. He was one of eight winners in various categories meant to honor organizations and individuals who use digital technology to improve the lives of others. !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! In December 2014, Wales shared the inaugural $1-million !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! with !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! inventor !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!!
In January 2015, !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! awarded an honorary doctorate to Wales. !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! On April 25, 2015, Wales received the !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! along with !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! and !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! On May 17, 2015, Wales received the !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! of $1 million in the “Present” category (others won that amount for “Past” and “Future” contributions to society). !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! He was awarded the prize for “launching the world’s largest online encyclopedia”. !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!!
In January 2016, Wales, along with !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! , became a non-executive director of the !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! On February 2, 2016, he received an honorary doctorate from the !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!!
In June 2016, during the opening ceremony on !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! , Wales was awarded with the honour citizenship of !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . [ !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! ]
See also
Publications
Brooks, Robert; Jon Corson, Jimmy Donal Wales (1994). “The Pricing of Index Options When the Underlying Assets All Follow a Lognormal Diffusion”. Advances in Futures and Options Research . 7 . !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!!
.
Wales, Jimmy; Andrea Weckerle (December 31, 2008). “Foreword”. In !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! ; !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . Throwing Sheep in the Boardroom: How Online Social Networking Will Transform Your Life, Work and World (1st ed.). !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! .
Wales, Jimmy; Andrea Weckerle (January 8, 2009). !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . CNN.
Wales, Jimmy; Andrea Weckerle (February 10, 2009). “Foreword”. In !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . 33 Million People in the Room: How to Create, Influence, and Run a Successful Business with Social Networking (1st ed.). !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! .
Wales, Jimmy; Andrea Weckerle (March 3, 2009). “Foreword”. In !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . Marketing to the Social Web: How Digital Customer Communities Build Your Business (2nd ed.). !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! .
Wales, Jimmy (March 17, 2009). “Foreword”. In !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! (1st ed.). !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! .
Wales, Jimmy; Andrea Weckerle (March 30, 2009). !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . 80 .
Wales, Jimmy; Andrea Weckerle (December 28, 2009). !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! .
!!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! ; !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! ; Chichester, C.; Van Mulligen, E.; Weeber, M.; Den Dunnen, J.; Van Ommen, G. J.; Musen, M.; Cockerill, M.; Hermjakob, H.; Mons, A.; Packer, A.; Pacheco, R.; !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! ; Berkeley, A.; Melton, W.; Barris, N.; Wales, J.; Meijssen, G.; !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! ; Roes, P.; Borner, K.; !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! (2008). !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . 9 (5): R89. !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! : !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!!
. !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! .
References
^ !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! Hough, Stephen (March 11, 2012). !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . London. Retrieved May 30, 2012.
^ !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! Garside, Juliette (August 3, 2014). !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . The Observer . London.
^ !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! Chozick, Amy (June 30, 2013). !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . The New York Times .
!!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! Horovitz, David (January 7, 2011). !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . The Jerusalem Post . Retrieved February 24, 2015.
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!!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!!
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Wikimedia Foundation Press Release
.
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. April 25, 2004. Retrieved April 10, 2009.”
The Wikipedia project was founded in January 2001 by Internet entrepreneur Jimmy Wales and philosopher Larry Sanger,
” quoted from April 25, 2004 first-ever press release issued by the Wikimedia Foundation.
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.
Wikipedia Press Release
. Wikipedia. January 21, 2003. Retrieved April 10, 2009.
^ !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . The Economist . June 5, 2008. Retrieved June 9, 2008.
!!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! Walden, Lea Ann, et al. (spring 2013). “ !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! ”. !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! 18 (1). pp. 20–7. Retrieved August 26, 2014.
^ !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . Encyclopedia of Alabama . Retrieved January 28, 2015.
^ !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . Encyclopedia of Alabama . Retrieved 2017-02-07.
^ !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! (March 25, 2007). !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . Associated Press. Retrieved March 26, 2007. The nascent Web encyclopedia Citizendium springs from Larry Sanger, a philosophy PhD who counts himself as a co-founder of Wikipedia, the site he now hopes to usurp. The claim does not seem particularly controversial—Sanger has long been cited as a co-founder. Yet the other founder, Jimmy Wales, is not happy about it.
^ !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! Olson, Parmy (October 18, 2006). !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . Forbes . Retrieved March 28, 2009.
!!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . Time . May 8, 2006. Retrieved November 10, 2013.
!!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . July 16, 2014. Retrieved January 30, 2015.
!!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . July 16, 2014. Retrieved January 30, 2015.Rogoway, Mike (July 27, 2007). !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . Silicon Forest . Retrieved October 31, 2008.
!!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! Kazek, Kelly (August 11, 2006). !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . The News Courier . Doris Wales’s husband, Jimmy, wasn’t sure what she was thinking when she bought a World Book Encyclopedia set from a traveling salesman in 1968. [ !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! ]
^ !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! Pink, Daniel H. (March 13, 2005). !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . 13 (3). Archived from !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! on March 4, 2005. Retrieved October 31, 2008.
^ !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! Mangu-Ward, Katherine (June 2007). !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . 39 (2). p. 21. Retrieved October 31, 2008.
!!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! Walter Isaacson (October 19, 2014). !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . Retrieved November 1, 2016.
^ !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! (September 25, 2005). !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . Retrieved October 31, 2006.
!!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! Brown, David (December 11, 2007). !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . Alumni Profiles . !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . Archived from !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! on April 18, 2010. Retrieved October 31, 2008.
!!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! Moore, Rebecca (January 7, 2013). “ !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! ”, Randolph School. Retrieved August 12, 2014.
!!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! “ !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! ”. BBC Radio 4. March 18, 2012. Retrieved August 12, 2014.
!!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . Retrieved October 18, 2016.
^ !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! Barnett, Cynthia (September 2005). !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . 48 (5). p. 62. Archived from !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! on October 17, 2006.
^ !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! Wilson, Claire (July 13, 2010). !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . Retrieved February 5, 2014.
^ !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! McNichol, Tom (May 1, 2007). !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . CNN. Archived from !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! on March 2, 2007. Retrieved October 31, 2007.
^ !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! (July 31, 2006). !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . The New Yorker . Retrieved October 31, 2008. b “Even Wales has been caught airbrushing his Wikipedia entry—eighteen times in the past year. He is particularly sensitive about references to the porn traffic on his Web portal. ‘Adult content’ or ‘glamour photography’ are the terms that he prefers, though, as one user pointed out on the site, they are perhaps not the most precise way to describe lesbian strip-poker threesomes. (In January, Wales agreed to a compromise: ‘erotic photography’).”
^ !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! , p. 93. “Wales, though, was a businessman. He wanted to build a free encyclopedia, and Wikipedia offered a very rapid and economically efficient means to that end. The articles flooded in, many were good, and they cost him almost nothing. [...] In 2003, Wales [decided to] diminish his own authority by transferring Wikipedia and all of its assets to the nonprofit Wikimedia Foundation, whose sole purpose is to set general policy for Wikipedia and its allied projects. [...] Wales’s benign rule has allowed Wikipedia to do what it does best: grow. The numbers are staggering.”
!!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! , p. 88. “In 1996, Wales and two partners founded a Web directory called Bomis. [...] Wales focused on the bottom-up strategy using Web rings, and it worked. Bomis users built hundreds of rings—on cars, computers, sports, and especially ‘babes’ (e.g., the Anna Kournikova Web ring), effectively creating an index of the ‘laddie’ Web. Instead of helping all users find all content, Bomis found itself positioned as the Playboy of the Internet, helping guys find guy stuff.”
^ !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! Brennen, Jensen (June 26, 2006). “Access for All”. !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . 18 (18).
^ !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! Hansen, Evan (December 19, 2005). !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . Retrieved October 31, 2008.
^ !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! (June 2006). !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . 93 (1): 117–46. !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! : !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . Archived from !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! (reprint) on April 25, 2010. Retrieved April 22, 2009.
!!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! Gouthro, Liane (March 14, 2000). !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . CNN. Archived from !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! on March 3, 2006. Retrieved October 31, 2008.
^ !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! Marks, Paul (February 3, 2007). !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! (video). New Scientist . 193 (2589): 44. !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! : !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . Retrieved October 31, 2008.
!!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! Jimmy Wales (October 7, 2009). !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! (SWF,FLV,FLASH) (Videotape). New Haven, Connecticut, United States: Yale University. Event occurs at 43:19. Retrieved August 18, 2011.
^ !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! , p. 91. “The wiki [technology] quickly gained a devoted following within the software community. And there it remained until January 2001, when Sanger had dinner with an old friend named Ben Kovitz. [...] Over tacos that night, Sanger explained his concerns about Nupedia’s lack of progress, the root cause of which was its serial editorial system. [...] Kovitz brought up the wiki and sketched out ‘wiki magic,’ the mysterious process by which communities with common interests work to improve wiki pages by incremental contributions. If it worked for the rambunctious hacker culture of programming, Kovitz said, it could work for any online collaborative project. The wiki could break the Nupedia bottleneck by permitting volunteers to work simultaneously all over the project. [...] Wales and Sanger created the first Nupedia wiki on January 10, 2001. The initial purpose was to get the public to add entries that would then be “fed into the Nupedia process” of authorization.”
^ !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! Sidener, Jonathan (December 6, 2004). !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . p. C1. Archived from !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! on February 21, 2009. Retrieved April 22, 2009.
!!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . July 2005. Retrieved December 8, 2014.
!!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! on YouTube. January 2015. Retrieved January 21, 2015.
^ !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! Finkelstein, Seth (September 25, 2008). !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . The Guardian . London. Retrieved April 27, 2009.
!!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! Sanger, Larry (November 1, 2005). “The Early History of Nupedia and Wikipedia: A Memoir”. In DiBona, Chris; Cooper, Danese; Stone, Mark. !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . O’Reilly Media, Inc. p. 312. !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . To be clear, the idea of an open source, collaborative/encyclopedia, open to contribution by ordinary people, was entirely Jimmy’s, not mine, and the funding was entirely by Bomis. I was merely a grateful employee; I thought I was very lucky to have a job like that land in my lap. Of course, other people had had the idea...
!!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! Getz, Arlene (February 1, 2007). !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . Newsweek . MSNBC. Archived from !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! on April 18, 2007. Retrieved October 31, 2008.
!!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! Tapscott, Don; Anthony D. (2008). !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . Penguin Group. p. 71. !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! .
!!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! Carson, Biz (March 13, 2016). !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . Business Insider . Retrieved March 13, 2016.
^ !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! Singer, Michael (January 16, 2002). !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . Archived from !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! on March 16, 2003. Retrieved February 27, 2008.
!!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! Sanger, Larry (April 18, 2005). !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . Retrieved October 31, 2005.
!!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! Sanger, Larry (January 18, 2002). !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . meta.wikimedia.org . !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . Retrieved October 31, 2008.
!!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! Sanger, Larry (March 5, 2007). !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . meta.wikimedia.org . Wikimedia Foundation. Retrieved October 17, 2009.
!!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! (January 6, 2006). !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . Retrieved October 31, 2008.
^ !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! Smith, Wes (January 15, 2007). !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . Retrieved October 31, 2008.
!!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! ; Codel, Eddie (March 24, 2006). !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . Geek Entertainment TV. Retrieved August 13, 2012.
!!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! Meyers, Peter (September 20, 2001). !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . The New York Times . Retrieved August 8, 2015. I can start an article that will consist of one paragraph, and then a real expert will come along and add three paragraphs and clean up my one paragraph. – Larry Sanger.
!!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . Wikipedia. January 15, 2002. Retrieved April 4, 2009.
!!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! Wales, Jimmy (August 6, 2002). !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . Archived from !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! on April 1, 2009. Retrieved April 3, 2009. I’m Jimmy Wales, co-founder of Nupedia and Wikipedia, the open content encyclopedias.
!!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! Sanger, Larry. !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . larrysanger.org. Retrieved September 27, 2009.
!!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! Mehegan, David (February 12, 2006). !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . Boston Globe . p. 4. Retrieved October 31, 2008.
!!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! Paoletto, William (April 2, 2009). !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . Big Oak Blog. Retrieved April 2, 2009.
!!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! Cadenhead, Rogers (December 19, 2005). !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . cadenhead.org. Retrieved October 31, 2008.
!!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! Mitchell, Dan (December 24, 2005). !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . The New York Times . Retrieved April 22, 2009.
^ !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! Blakely, Rhys (December 20, 2005). !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . The Times . London. Retrieved October 31, 2008.
!!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! Miller, Rob “Roblimo” (July 28, 2004). !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . Retrieved October 31, 2008.
!!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! Cohen, Noam. !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . The New York Times . Archived from !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! on November 24, 2009. Retrieved January 19, 2009.
^ !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! Cohen, Noam (March 17, 2008). !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . The New York Times . Retrieved October 31, 2008.
!!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! Gleick, James (August 8, 2008). !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . The Wall Street Journal . Archived from !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! on January 29, 2010. Retrieved May 12, 2009.
!!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! Cadwalladr, Carole (February 7, 2014). !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . London. Retrieved February 8, 2014.
!!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! Arendse, Ilse (April 20, 2007). !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . Retrieved August 8, 2015.
^ !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! Lipsky-Karasz, Alisa (September 2008). !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . Retrieved October 31, 2008.
^ !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! Anderson, Jennifer Joline (2011). !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! (1st ed.). Abdo Group. p. 76. !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! .
!!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . BBC News (British Broadcasting Corporation). May 10, 2010. Retrieved March 15, 2010.
!!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! Twist, Jo (November 5, 2005). !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . BBC News. Retrieved October 31, 2008.
!!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! Cadelago, Chris (August 24, 2008). !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved May 19, 2009.
^ !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! Neate, Rupert (November 7, 2008). !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . The Daily Telegraph . London. Retrieved April 21, 2009.
!!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! Anthere [Florence Devouard] (August 23, 2004). !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . wikimediafoundation.org. Retrieved October 17, 2009.
!!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! Terdiman, Daniel (April 30, 2008). !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . Retrieved May 19, 2009.
!!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . wikimediafoundation.org . 5 August 2008. Retrieved 2017-02-26. (F) Community Founder Trustee Position. The Board may appoint Jimmy Wales as Community Founder Trustee for a three-year term. The Board may reappoint Wales as Community Founder Trustee for successive three-year terms (without a term limit). In the event that Wales is not appointed as Community Founder Trustee, the position will remain vacant, and the Board shall not fill the vacancy.
!!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . wikimediafoundation.org . Retrieved 2017-02-26. Since 2008, the Board has seats for ten Trustees: one founder’s seat (reserved for Jimmy Wales); two seats selected by the Wikimedia chapters and thematic organizations; three seats nominated by the Wikimedia community; and four seats appointed by the rest of the Board
!!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . June 28, 2007. Retrieved May 30, 2010.
!!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! Pillay, Terence (April 29, 2007). !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . Retrieved May 30, 2010.
!!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! Toor, Amar (July 15, 2012). !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . The Verge . Retrieved October 27, 2014.
^ !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! Moses, Asher (March 5, 2008). !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved October 17, 2009.
!!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! Kim, Ryan (March 5, 2007). !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved October 31, 2008.
!!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! Moses, Asher (March 11, 2008). !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved March 11, 2008.
!!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . BBC News. March 12, 2008. Retrieved October 31, 2008.
^ !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! Mullin, Joe (February 29, 2016). !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . Archived from !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! on March 1, 2016.
!!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! Bjortomt, Olav (August 18, 2007). !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . The Times . London. Retrieved May 11, 2009.
^ !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! Deutschman, Alan (March 2007). !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . Retrieved October 31, 2008. Wales revealed that Wikia, his for-profit Silicon Valley startup, was working on Search Wikia, which he touted as “the search engine that changes everything ... Just as Wikipedia revolutionized how we think about knowledge and the encyclopedia, we have a chance now to revolutionize how we think about search.
!!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! Wales, Jimmy (March 31, 2009). “ !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! ”. blog.jimmywales.com. Retrieved May 4, 2009.
!!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . June 5, 2006. Retrieved June 5, 2006.
!!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! LaVallee, Andrew (September 9, 2009). !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . Digits . Retrieved October 17, 2009.
!!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . harrywalker.com. Retrieved September 25, 2009.
!!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! (PDF). harrywalker.com. Retrieved September 25, 2009.
!!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! Rbaa, Monika (January 8, 2011). !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . Newsweek Polska (in Polish). Archived from !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! on August 6, 2011. Retrieved July 5, 2011.
!!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! , on !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! November 4, 2011
!!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . BBC Question Time . November 23, 2011. Retrieved November 24, 2011.
^ !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! Jha, Alok (May 1, 2012). !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . The Guardian . London. Retrieved December 26, 2012.
!!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . London. January 20, 2014. Retrieved January 20, 2014.
!!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . Clinton Global Initiative . March 21, 2014. Retrieved March 23, 2014.
!!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! Mak, Tim (March 22, 2014). !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . Retrieved March 23, 2014.
!!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! Fleischer, Lisa (May 30, 2014). !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . Retrieved June 2, 2014.
!!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! Runciman, David (May 28, 2009). !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . Retrieved May 21, 2009.
!!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! Sirius, R.U. (July 29, 2007). !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . 10 Zen Monkeys . Retrieved October 31, 2008.
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!!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! Dugan, Emily (October 23, 2011). !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . The Independent . London. Retrieved February 18, 2014.
^ !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! , “ !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! ”, !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! (London), May 15, 2015
!!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! Sharwood, Simon (August 17, 2015). !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . The Register . Retrieved September 7, 2015.
!!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! Barr, Greg (October 7, 2016). !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . Austin Business Journal . Retrieved October 17, 2016.
!!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! Maximum PC, 2006 holiday issue, p. 9, Future US, Inc., !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!!
!!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! Reynolds, Lindor. !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . Agence France-Presse. Archived from !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! on October 1, 2010. Retrieved September 28, 2010.
!!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . The Independent . London. December 20, 2010. Retrieved December 29, 2010.
!!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! (March–April 2007). !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . Humanities . 28 (2): 6–14. Retrieved December 27, 2009.
!!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs . Archived from !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! on December 26, 2007. Retrieved January 28, 2015.
!!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . loc.gov . Retrieved January 28, 2015.
!!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!!
!!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!!
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!!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . C-SPAN.org . Retrieved January 28, 2015.
!!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! Lee, Dave (May 14, 2014). !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . BBC News. Retrieved May 14, 2014.
^ !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! Lomas, Natasha (June 8, 2014). !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . TechCrunch . AOL Inc. Retrieved June 9, 2014.
!!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! Ball, James. !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . The Guardian . London. Retrieved August 14, 2015.
!!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! Davies, Lizzy; Ball, James; Bowcott, Owen (November 28, 2012). !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . The Guardian . London. Retrieved November 28, 2012.
!!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! Gray, Lila (September 17, 2013). !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . XBIZ.com. Retrieved October 20, 2013.
!!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! Gabbatt, Adam (November 25, 2013). !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . London. Retrieved December 7, 2013.
!!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! Meyer, Susan (2013). Jimmy Wales and Wikipedia . !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . p. 27.
!!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! Lewine, Edward (November 18, 2007). !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . The New York Times . Retrieved March 7, 2008. C “Greatest misconception about Wikipedia: We aren’t democratic. Our readers edit the entries, but we’re actually quite snobby. The core community appreciates when someone is knowledgeable, and thinks some people are idiots and shouldn’t be writing.”
!!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. The Canadian Press. March 2, 2008. Retrieved October 31, 2008.
!!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! Moses, Asher (March 4, 2008). !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved October 31, 2008.
!!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! (March 5, 2008). !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . USA Today . Retrieved October 31, 2008.
!!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! Agrell, Siri (March 4, 2008). !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . The Globe and Mail . Archived from !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! on March 6, 2008. Retrieved October 31, 2008.
!!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! Donnelly, Laura (October 6, 2012). !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . The Daily Telegraph . London.
!!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! Edemariam, Aida (February 19, 2011). !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . The Guardian . London. Retrieved February 19, 2011.
!!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! Smallman, Danny (January 18, 2012). !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . Archived from !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! on January 20, 2012. Retrieved January 19, 2012.
!!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . What do you believe? . !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! Media. August 10, 2007. Retrieved November 27, 2011. I’m a complete non-believer.
!!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . World Economic Forum. May 18–20, 2008. Archived from !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! on April 30, 2009. Retrieved May 12, 2009.
!!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! (Press release). SocialText. October 3, 2005. Retrieved October 31, 2008.
!!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . MIT Center for Collective Intelligence . Retrieved August 8, 2015.
!!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! Garlick, Mia (March 30, 2006). !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . Retrieved October 31, 2008.
!!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! Wales, Jimmy (December 7, 2009). !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . blog.jimmywales.com. Retrieved December 7, 2009.
!!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! Anderson, Chris (April 30, 2006). !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . Retrieved February 17, 2008.
!!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! Ewalt, David M. (January 23, 2007). !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . Forbes . Retrieved October 31, 2008.
!!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . New Museum. Archived from !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! on December 22, 2010. Retrieved April 6, 2011. !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . Flash Art . Archived from !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! on July 11, 2011. Retrieved April 6, 2011.
!!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . iCommonsSummit.org. 2008. Archived from !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! on May 20, 2008. Retrieved October 31, 2008.
!!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . MattBaily.ca. September 14, 2008. Retrieved October 31, 2008.
!!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! Woodall, James. !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . Retrieved October 20, 2009.
!!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . Nokia.com. November 4, 2009. Retrieved November 5, 2009.
!!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . The Economist . October 30, 2008. Retrieved November 8, 2008.
!!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! Rutkoff, Aaron (April 18, 2011). !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved August 18, 2011.
!!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . Kansas City infoZine News . April 28, 2006. Retrieved October 31, 2008.
!!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! (in German). Leonardo-award.eu. September 21, 2011. Archived from !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! on December 14, 2013. Retrieved July 3, 2014.
!!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . Gdi.ch. Retrieved July 3, 2014.
!!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! Isobel Leybold-Johnson. “ !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! ”. !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! January 27, 2011.
!!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! Barnett, Emma (November 17, 2009). !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . The Daily Telegraph . London.
!!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . Knox College . Archived from !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! on September 2, 2006. Retrieved October 31, 2008.
^ !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! “ !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! ”, amherst.edu. Retrieved May 23, 2010.
!!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . stevensonuniversity.org. May 21, 2010. Retrieved May 25, 2010.
!!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . December 16, 2009. Retrieved May 10, 2011.
!!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! (June 16, 2011). !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . Retrieved June 22, 2011. Rector prof. RAN AS Whitefish J. Wales handed a diploma and the mantle of Honorary Doctor Bauman MIREA.
!!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! (PDF). University of Copenhagen. Retrieved December 2, 2013.
!!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . University of Copenhagen. October 24, 2013. Retrieved December 2, 2013.
!!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! Ngak, Chenda (June 26, 2013). !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . CBS News . Retrieved December 10, 2014.
!!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! Curtis, Sophie (February 28, 2014). !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . London. Retrieved March 1, 2014.
!!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . Retrieved May 17, 2014.
!!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . June 25, 2014. Retrieved July 4, 2014.
!!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! Smolaks, Max (July 11, 2014). !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . Tech Week Europe . Retrieved July 11, 2014.
!!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . Tech4Good Awards. July 10, 2014. Retrieved July 11, 2014.
!!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! Shabandri, Muaz (December 8, 2014) “ !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! ”. khaleejtimes.com. Retrieved December 8, 2014.
!!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . Archived from !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! on December 24, 2014. Retrieved November 23, 2014.
!!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . bonjovi.com . March 20, 2015. Retrieved April 28, 2015.
!!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . Jerusalem Post . February 11, 2015. Retrieved February 11, 2015.
!!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! Elis, Niv (February 10, 2015). !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . Retrieved May 17, 2015.
!!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! Ponsford, Dominic (January 27, 2016). !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . Press Gazette . Retrieved January 27, 2016.
!!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! (February 2, 2016). !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . Retrieved February 13, 2016.
!!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! Schmitz, Bruno (February 2, 2016). !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . Retrieved February 13, 2016.
Bibliography
!!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! (September 2006). !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . The Atlantic Monthly . 298 (2): 86–94. Retrieved February 29, 2008.
External links
Find more about Jimmy Wales at Wikipedia’s !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!!
!!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! from Commons
!!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! from Wikinews
!!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! from Wikiquote
!!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! from Wikisource
!!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! English Wikipedia userpage
!!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! ’ Wikia userpage
!!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! at the !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!!
!!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! on !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!!
!!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! on !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!!
!!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! (March 9, 2009). !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! .
!!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! , Wales’s role in the !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! as described by its editors
Wales, Jimmy (December 9, 2016). !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . cato.org . !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . Jimmy Wales, founder of Wikipedia, discusses the site, how it’s treated by governments, and how it’s fueled by its users.
Multi-media
“ !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! .” !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! : !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! interviewing Jimmy Wales. First aired on April 5, 2015. Rebroadcast on July 26, 2015.
!!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . July 2005.
!!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! ; Jimmy Wales - The Sum of All Human Knowledge (broadcast WAMU American University) September 11, 2016
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!!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! : !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!!
!!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! : !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!!
!!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! : !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!!
!!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! :
American expatriates in the United Kingdom
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People from Huntsville, Alabama
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Recipients of the Gottlieb Duttweiler Prize
UNESCO Niels Bohr Medal recipients
Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees members
Winners of The Economist innovation awards
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Berang
> TheHondaBro
03/29/2017 at 02:22 |
|
Where’s Jimmy Wales on Wheels?